Por MARISA RODRIGUES, publisher do portal Boi a Pasto
Imagem:
Legenda: sombreamento nos pastos, uma estratégia de bem estar animal, fundamental para esses tempos de fenômenos extremos de mudanças climáticas que estamos assistindo, como as ondas fortes de calor que estão previstas para a próxima semana, até o final de outubro.
À medida que o Brasil se prepara para enfrentar ondas de calor intensas, com previsões alarmantes de temperaturas chegando a 45 graus Celsius nas regiões Nordeste, Centro-Oeste e Sudeste, é fundamental destacar a importância do sombreamento nos pastos para a pecuária. O sombreamento, que pode ser alcançado por meio de árvores ou estruturas artificiais, é uma prática essencial para garantir o bem-estar dos animais e a produtividade da pecuária, além de desempenhar um papel significativo na mitigação das mudanças climáticas e na promoção da pecuária sustentável.
O sombreamento nos pastos é uma prática que consiste em fornecer sombra para os animais criados em ambientes a céu aberto, seja por meio de árvores maduras, plantadas especificamente para esse fim, ou estruturas artificiais, como galpões. Esta prática simples, porém crucial, proporciona diversos benefícios para o gado e para a pecuária como um todo.
- Melhoria do Desempenho Produtivo: A sombra nos pastos desempenha um papel fundamental no aumento da produtividade do gado. Nos dias mais quentes, proporciona abrigo contra a insolação excessiva, permitindo que os animais mantenham a frequência de pastoreio, ingerindo uma maior quantidade de forragem e, consequentemente, ganhando mais peso. Isso se traduz em um aumento significativo na produtividade da pecuária.
- Redução do Estresse Térmico: O estresse térmico, resultante do calor excessivo, pode ter efeitos adversos sobre a reprodução, a saúde e a qualidade do leite do gado. O sombreamento oferece um ambiente mais fresco e confortável, diminuindo o impacto do estresse térmico e melhorando a saúde e o bem-estar dos animais.
Para garantir a eficácia e a sustentabilidade do sombreamento nos pastos, é fundamental seguir algumas diretrizes essenciais:
- Densidade de Árvores Adequada: Recomenda-se o plantio de 18 a 20 árvores por hectare. Essa densidade oferece sombra suficiente para o gado se refrescar e se abrigar do sol, sem comprometer a área de pastagem.
- Distribuição Estratégica: As árvores devem ser espalhadas na pastagem de forma estratégica, permitindo a entrada de luz ao redor delas. Caso as árvores sejam de porte baixo, é aconselhável fazer uma poda para direcionar a copa para cima, criando um ambiente sombreado e bem iluminado por baixo.
- Seleção de Espécies Adequadas: A escolha das espécies de árvores deve ser feita com base nas características do solo, clima e região. Algumas árvores podem oferecer benefícios adicionais, como a produção de frutos, madeira ou lenha, diversificando a renda do produtor.
- Adaptação das Gramíneas: É essencial escolher espécies de gramíneas que se adaptem ao sombreamento. A Brachiaria decumbens, também conhecida como braquiarinha, é uma excelente escolha, embora em algumas regiões, a cigarrinha possa ser um problema. Após essa, a Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu e outras braquiárias são alternativas que apresentam maior tolerância ao sombreamento em comparação com os panicuns.
O sombreamento nos pastos desempenha um papel fundamental em um cenário de mudanças climáticas e na busca por uma pecuária mais sustentável:
- Mitigação das Ondas de Calor: À medida que as ondas de calor se tornam mais frequentes e intensas com as mudanças climáticas, o sombreamento é uma estratégia essencial para proteger o gado contra o calor excessivo e manter a produção pecuária em níveis ótimos.
- Redução de Emissões de Gases de Efeito Estufa: As árvores plantadas para sombreamento absorvem dióxido de carbono da atmosfera, contribuindo para a redução das emissões de gases de efeito estufa geradas pela pecuária. Além disso, melhoram a qualidade do solo, aumentando a eficiência do sequestro de carbono.
- Integração Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta (ILPF): O sombreamento nos pastos é um componente essencial da ILPF, um sistema que visa aumentar a eficiência e a rentabilidade da produção agropecuária, preservando os recursos naturais e a biodiversidade.
- Desafios a Serem Superados: Apesar dos benefícios inegáveis, o sombreamento nos pastos enfrenta desafios, como a falta de incentivos financeiros, resistência cultural por parte dos produtores, escassez de mudas de árvores adequadas e a necessidade de manejo adequado das árvores e pastagens. Superar esses obstáculos é crucial para garantir a adoção generalizada dessa prática e promover uma pecuária mais sustentável no Brasil.
Em um momento em que enfrentamos desafios climáticos cada vez mais severos, o sombreamento nos pastos emerge como uma prática indispensável para garantir o bem-estar dos animais, a produtividade da pecuária e a preservação do meio ambiente. Implementá-lo de maneira adequada e sustentável não apenas protege o gado do calor excessivo, mas também contribui para a mitigação das mudanças climáticas e a integridade dos recursos naturais. Portanto, é crucial que produtores, governos e a sociedade como um todo reconheçam a importância do sombreamento e promovam sua adoção efetiva para um futuro sustentável na pecuária brasileira.
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